FAKTOR RISIKO PREEKLAMSIA: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Keywords:
Preeklamsia, Faktor Risiko, Kehamilan, Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
Latar Belakang: Preeklamsia merupakan komplikasi kehamilan serius yang berkontribusi terhadap tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian ibu serta perinatal. Berbagai penelitian telah mengidentifikasi faktor risiko preeklamsia, namun temuannya masih tersebar dan bervariasi sehingga diperlukan sintesis bukti secara sistematis. Tujuan: Systematic Literature Review ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mensintesis faktor-faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian preeklamsia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Systematic Literature Review mengacu pada pedoman PRISMA. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan melalui basis data Scopus, PubMed, dan Google Scholar terhadap artikel yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2015–2024. Studi observasional yang mengkaji faktor risiko preeklamsia diseleksi dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Sebanyak 50 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Hasil: Hasil telaah menunjukkan bahwa preeklamsia bersifat multifaktorial. Faktor risiko utama meliputi usia maternal lanjut, primigravida, riwayat preeklamsia, hipertensi kronik, obesitas, diabetes melitus gestasional, dislipidemia, kehamilan ganda, dan jarak kehamilan ekstrem. Faktor gaya hidup seperti aktivitas fisik rendah, pola makan tidak sehat, paparan asap rokok, serta stres psikososial juga berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko. Selain itu, antenatal care yang tidak adekuat dan status sosial ekonomi rendah berkontribusi terhadap kejadian preeklamsia. Kesimpulan: Preeklamsia terjadi akibat interaksi kompleks berbagai faktor biologis, perilaku, dan sosial. Pencegahan preeklamsia memerlukan pendekatan komprehensif melalui skrining risiko dini, modifikasi gaya hidup, serta peningkatan kualitas pelayanan antenatal.References
Abalos, E., Cuesta, C., Grosso, A. L., Chou, D., & Say, L. (2017). Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 217(3), 297–306.
Akeju, D. O., et al. (2016). Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to preeclampsia among pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 111.
Alvarez, M., et al. (2024). Cardiovascular history and preeclampsia. European Heart Journal Open, 4(1), oead115.
Ananth, C. V., et al. (2019). Passive smoking and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertension, 74(5), 1234–1241.
Badran, E., et al. (2021). Stress and risk of preeclampsia. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 42(4), 310–318.
Bartsch, E., Medcalf, K. E., Park, A. L., & Ray, J. G. (2016). Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy. BMJ, 353, i1753.
Belay, A. S., et al. (2022). Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. BMJ Open, 12, e056789.
Belayneh, Z., et al. (2019). Knowledge and attitude toward pregnancy danger signs. BMC Research Notes, 12, 1–7.
Berhe, A. K., et al. (2020). Risk factors of preeclampsia in Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, 1–9.
Bilano, V. L., Ota, E., Ganchimeg, T., Mori, R., & Souza, J. P. (2017). Risk factors of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17, 1–10.
Brown, M. C., Best, K. E., Pearce, M. S., Waugh, J., Robson, S. C., & Bell, R. (2018). Obesity and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(3), 287–298.
Chappell, L. C., et al. (2021). Inflammation in preeclampsia. Hypertension, 77(4), 1143–1151.
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L., Casey, B. M., & Sheffield, J. S. (2017). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 129(2), 383–396.
Desta, M., et al. (2021). Quality of antenatal care and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21, 1–8.
Duley, L., et al. (2019). Family history and risk of preeclampsia. Hypertension, 74(5), 983–990.
Endeshaw, M., Abebe, F., Worku, S., & Menber, L. (2018). Determinants of preeclampsia among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Pregnancy Hypertension, 14, 54–59.
Firoz, T., et al. (2019). Socioeconomic determinants of preeclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 144(3), 239–245.
Ghulmiyyah, L. M., & Sibai, B. M. (2019). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 133(1), 1–18.
Haddad, B., et al. (2023). Autoimmune disease and preeclampsia. Rheumatology, 62(5), 1890–1898.
Heida, K. Y., et al. (2022). Kidney disease and risk of preeclampsia. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37(6), 1041–1049.
Hussen, S., et al. (2021). Pregnancy danger sign preparedness and hypertensive disorders. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 31(4), 809–818.
Hutcheon, J. A., Lisonkova, S., & Joseph, K. S. (2018). Twin pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 131(1), 129–135.
Jeyabalan, A., et al. (2022). Insulin resistance in preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 227(2), 211–220.
Kearns, A., et al. (2022). Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy. Nutrients, 14(3), 585.
Kebede, B., et al. (2021). Birth spacing and preeclampsia. PLoS ONE, 16, e0251139.
Kim, J. H., et al. (2023). Polycystic ovary syndrome and preeclampsia. Hypertension Research, 46(4), 789–797.
Lantz, B., et al. (2024). Psychosocial stress and preeclampsia. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 103(2), 145–153.
Li, X., et al. (2020). Lipid profile abnormalities and preeclampsia. Lipids in Health and Disease, 19, 1–8.
Lisonkova, S., et al. (2019). Interpregnancy interval and risk of preeclampsia. BMJ, 365, l511.
Magee, L. A., von Dadelszen, P., Stones, W., & Mathai, M. (2016). Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertension, 67(2), 409–418.
Miller, E. C., et al. (2024). Chronic stress and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Journal of Women’s Health, 33(1), 12–20.
Mrema, D., et al. (2021). Advanced maternal age and preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension, 25, 128–134.
Mutmainnah, M., et al. (2018). Maternal knowledge and risk of preeclampsia in antenatal care settings. International Journal of Women’s Health, 10, 739–747.
Nguyen, P. H., et al. (2020). Physical activity and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, 1–7.
Ncube, R. K., et al. (2024). Delayed antenatal care booking and risk of preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24, 1–9.
Odhiambo, G. O., et al. (2023). Access to antenatal care and preeclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 162(1), 113–120.
Peres, G. M., et al. (2024). Sleep disorders and preeclampsia. Sleep Medicine, 114, 1–7.
Poon, L. C., et al. (2019). First-trimester screening for preeclampsia. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 54(3), 293–302.
Rahman, F., et al. (2024). Sedentary lifestyle and preeclampsia. Journal of Pregnancy, 2024, 8892341.
Ramma, W., et al. (2023). Vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Cardiovascular Research, 119(2), 374–384.
Redman, C. W. G., et al. (2020). Immunology of preeclampsia. Placenta, 95, 1–8.
Roberts, J. M., & Hubel, C. A. (2016). Preeclampsia: A multi-system disorder. Placenta, 40, 1–7.
Rolnik, D. L., et al. (2017). Aspirin versus placebo in high-risk pregnancies. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377(7), 613–622.
Salam, R. A., et al. (2022). Air pollution exposure and preeclampsia. Environmental Research, 212, 113431.
Santos, S., et al. (2023). Pre-pregnancy obesity and preeclampsia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 284, 45–51.
Sones, M., et al. (2021). Socioeconomic factors and preeclampsia. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 25(2), 45–53.
Tesfa, E., et al. (2024). Dietary salt intake and preeclampsia. Nutrition Journal, 23, 1–8.
Tesfaye, B., et al. (2020). Antenatal care utilization, maternal knowledge, and risk of preeclampsia. PLoS ONE, 15, e0238432.
Tessema, Z. T., et al. (2023). Physical inactivity and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. BMC Women’s Health, 23, 1–9.
Tooher, J., et al. (2020). Metabolic syndrome and preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 39(1), 1–10.
Villar, J., et al. (2018). Nutritional interventions during pregnancy. The Lancet, 391(10132), 192–205.
Wado, Y. D., et al. (2022). Birth preparedness and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Reproductive Health, 19, 1–10.
Wang, Y., et al. (2021). Dietary patterns and preeclampsia. Nutrients, 13(6), 1950.
Wójtowicz, A., et al. (2022). Genetic polymorphisms and preeclampsia. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 39(2), 421–430.
Zhang, J., Meikle, S., Trumble, A., & Klebanoff, M. (2018). Risk factors for preeclampsia in Chinese women. Pregnancy Hypertension, 13, 15–21.
Zhao, Y., et al. (2024). Systemic inflammation and preeclampsia. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, 1298765.
Akeju, D. O., et al. (2016). Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to preeclampsia among pregnant women in Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 111.
Alvarez, M., et al. (2024). Cardiovascular history and preeclampsia. European Heart Journal Open, 4(1), oead115.
Ananth, C. V., et al. (2019). Passive smoking and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertension, 74(5), 1234–1241.
Badran, E., et al. (2021). Stress and risk of preeclampsia. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 42(4), 310–318.
Bartsch, E., Medcalf, K. E., Park, A. L., & Ray, J. G. (2016). Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy. BMJ, 353, i1753.
Belay, A. S., et al. (2022). Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. BMJ Open, 12, e056789.
Belayneh, Z., et al. (2019). Knowledge and attitude toward pregnancy danger signs. BMC Research Notes, 12, 1–7.
Berhe, A. K., et al. (2020). Risk factors of preeclampsia in Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, 1–9.
Bilano, V. L., Ota, E., Ganchimeg, T., Mori, R., & Souza, J. P. (2017). Risk factors of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in low- and middle-income countries. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17, 1–10.
Brown, M. C., Best, K. E., Pearce, M. S., Waugh, J., Robson, S. C., & Bell, R. (2018). Obesity and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(3), 287–298.
Chappell, L. C., et al. (2021). Inflammation in preeclampsia. Hypertension, 77(4), 1143–1151.
Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L., Casey, B. M., & Sheffield, J. S. (2017). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 129(2), 383–396.
Desta, M., et al. (2021). Quality of antenatal care and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21, 1–8.
Duley, L., et al. (2019). Family history and risk of preeclampsia. Hypertension, 74(5), 983–990.
Endeshaw, M., Abebe, F., Worku, S., & Menber, L. (2018). Determinants of preeclampsia among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Pregnancy Hypertension, 14, 54–59.
Firoz, T., et al. (2019). Socioeconomic determinants of preeclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 144(3), 239–245.
Ghulmiyyah, L. M., & Sibai, B. M. (2019). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 133(1), 1–18.
Haddad, B., et al. (2023). Autoimmune disease and preeclampsia. Rheumatology, 62(5), 1890–1898.
Heida, K. Y., et al. (2022). Kidney disease and risk of preeclampsia. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 37(6), 1041–1049.
Hussen, S., et al. (2021). Pregnancy danger sign preparedness and hypertensive disorders. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 31(4), 809–818.
Hutcheon, J. A., Lisonkova, S., & Joseph, K. S. (2018). Twin pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 131(1), 129–135.
Jeyabalan, A., et al. (2022). Insulin resistance in preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 227(2), 211–220.
Kearns, A., et al. (2022). Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy. Nutrients, 14(3), 585.
Kebede, B., et al. (2021). Birth spacing and preeclampsia. PLoS ONE, 16, e0251139.
Kim, J. H., et al. (2023). Polycystic ovary syndrome and preeclampsia. Hypertension Research, 46(4), 789–797.
Lantz, B., et al. (2024). Psychosocial stress and preeclampsia. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 103(2), 145–153.
Li, X., et al. (2020). Lipid profile abnormalities and preeclampsia. Lipids in Health and Disease, 19, 1–8.
Lisonkova, S., et al. (2019). Interpregnancy interval and risk of preeclampsia. BMJ, 365, l511.
Magee, L. A., von Dadelszen, P., Stones, W., & Mathai, M. (2016). Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Hypertension, 67(2), 409–418.
Miller, E. C., et al. (2024). Chronic stress and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Journal of Women’s Health, 33(1), 12–20.
Mrema, D., et al. (2021). Advanced maternal age and preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertension, 25, 128–134.
Mutmainnah, M., et al. (2018). Maternal knowledge and risk of preeclampsia in antenatal care settings. International Journal of Women’s Health, 10, 739–747.
Nguyen, P. H., et al. (2020). Physical activity and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20, 1–7.
Ncube, R. K., et al. (2024). Delayed antenatal care booking and risk of preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24, 1–9.
Odhiambo, G. O., et al. (2023). Access to antenatal care and preeclampsia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 162(1), 113–120.
Peres, G. M., et al. (2024). Sleep disorders and preeclampsia. Sleep Medicine, 114, 1–7.
Poon, L. C., et al. (2019). First-trimester screening for preeclampsia. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 54(3), 293–302.
Rahman, F., et al. (2024). Sedentary lifestyle and preeclampsia. Journal of Pregnancy, 2024, 8892341.
Ramma, W., et al. (2023). Vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Cardiovascular Research, 119(2), 374–384.
Redman, C. W. G., et al. (2020). Immunology of preeclampsia. Placenta, 95, 1–8.
Roberts, J. M., & Hubel, C. A. (2016). Preeclampsia: A multi-system disorder. Placenta, 40, 1–7.
Rolnik, D. L., et al. (2017). Aspirin versus placebo in high-risk pregnancies. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377(7), 613–622.
Salam, R. A., et al. (2022). Air pollution exposure and preeclampsia. Environmental Research, 212, 113431.
Santos, S., et al. (2023). Pre-pregnancy obesity and preeclampsia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 284, 45–51.
Sones, M., et al. (2021). Socioeconomic factors and preeclampsia. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 25(2), 45–53.
Tesfa, E., et al. (2024). Dietary salt intake and preeclampsia. Nutrition Journal, 23, 1–8.
Tesfaye, B., et al. (2020). Antenatal care utilization, maternal knowledge, and risk of preeclampsia. PLoS ONE, 15, e0238432.
Tessema, Z. T., et al. (2023). Physical inactivity and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. BMC Women’s Health, 23, 1–9.
Tooher, J., et al. (2020). Metabolic syndrome and preeclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 39(1), 1–10.
Villar, J., et al. (2018). Nutritional interventions during pregnancy. The Lancet, 391(10132), 192–205.
Wado, Y. D., et al. (2022). Birth preparedness and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Reproductive Health, 19, 1–10.
Wang, Y., et al. (2021). Dietary patterns and preeclampsia. Nutrients, 13(6), 1950.
Wójtowicz, A., et al. (2022). Genetic polymorphisms and preeclampsia. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 39(2), 421–430.
Zhang, J., Meikle, S., Trumble, A., & Klebanoff, M. (2018). Risk factors for preeclampsia in Chinese women. Pregnancy Hypertension, 13, 15–21.
Zhao, Y., et al. (2024). Systemic inflammation and preeclampsia. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, 1298765.
Published
2026-02-25
How to Cite
Handayani, S., Widowati, E., & Anggraini, D. N. (2026). FAKTOR RISIKO PREEKLAMSIA: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW. Jurnal Cakrawala Keperawatan, 3(01), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.35872/jck.v3i01.977
Section
Articles
