HUBUNGAN KOMORBIDITAS HIPERTENSI DENGAN KEMATIAN PASIEN COVID-19 DI RUMAH SAKIT MUHAMMADIYAH SELOGIRI
Keywords:
Comorbid Hypertension, Death Of Covid-19 Patients
Abstract
Background: The high mortality rate in Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) patients is associated with comorbid conditions. Hypertension is a major comorbidity in hospitalized patients with COVID infection. Therefore, it is important to identify the association between hypertension and the risk of death among people with Covid-9. Objective: To analyze the relationship of comorbid hypertension with the death of Covid-19 patients at Selogiri Muhammadiyah Hospital. Methods: This study is an analytic observational study with a single-center retrospective design. The data collection technique used purposive sampling on secondary data from patient medical records that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Respondents of Covid-19 patients were divided into two groups according to comorbid hypertension (n=30) and groups without comorbidities (n=30). Data extraction was carried out to obtain demographic data and clinical data on hospital mortality. The two groups were compared according to demographic features. The association test and the risk of death of Covid-19 patients with comorbid hypertension were tested by Chi Square analysis. Results: The largest age group of the study population was >60 (38.3%) and 33 (55%) patients were male. The mortality rate in the comorbid hypertension group was 14 (46.7%) while in the non-hypertensive comorbid group it was 4 (13.3%). Hypertension comorbidity was significantly associated with the death of Covid-19 patients (p=0.005). Patients with comorbid hypertension had a relative risk of death that was 3.5 (95% CI: 1.3-9.4) greater than those without comorbidities. Conclusion: Hypertension in Covid-19 patients is a variable to predict hospital mortality. Comorbid hypertension is associated with an increased risk of death in Covid-19 patients.References
Ardiani et al, 2015, Risk Factors of Hypertension in Menopausal Women in Rejomulyo, Madiun, Makara J. Health Res, Vol 19, No. 2, August 2015, hal: 61-66.
Bell, K., Twiggs, J., & R. Olin, B. 2015. Hypertension :The Silent Killer :Updated JNC-8 Guideline Recommendations. Alabama Pharmacy Association
Ejaz, H. et al. 2020. Journal of Infection and Public Health COVID-19 and comorbidities :Deleterious impact on infected patients‘, Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(12), pp. 1833–1839.doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.014
Bope, E. T., & Rick D. Kellerman. (2017). Conns Current Therapy. Elsevier Author.
Dai Q, Wang S, Liu R, Wang H, Zheng J, Yu K. 2019. isk factors for outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a retrospective study. J Thorac Dis. ;11(3):673–85
Darmawan, Agus dwi. 2021. Pasien Covid-19 di Jawa Tengah, 35% Sembuh dengan Hipertensi. Repository.[ Serial Online]. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/08/20/. [ 20 agustus 2021]
Drew C, Adisasmita C. 2020. “Gejala dan komorbid yang memengaruhi mortalitas pasien positif COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur, Maret-September 2020”. Tarumanagara Medical Journal. Vol. 3, No. 3, 274-283
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). Jakarta:Depker RI; 2017
Dwiyanto, A Reyhan. 2020. Makin Banyak Pasien Corona RI yang Sembuh, Diklaim Terkait 2 Faktor Ini. https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5077971/makin-banyak-pasien corona-ri-yang-sembuh-diklaim-terkait-2-faktor-ini. [ 03 Jul 2020]
Elviani, R., Anwar, C., & Januar Sitorus, R. (2021). GAMBARAN USIA PADA KEJADIAN COVID-19. JAMBI MEDICAL JOURNAL "Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan", 9(2), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.22437/jmj.v9i1.11263
Fang, X. et al. 2020. Epidemiological, comorbidity factors with severity and prognosis of COVID-19:A systematic review and metaanalysis‘, Aging, 12(13), pp. 12493–12503. doi:10.18632/aging.103579
Fauzi. 2014. Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Hipertensi Berbasis Masyarakat Dengan Pendekatan Keluarga. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat.[ Serial Online]. https://ejurnal.lppmunsera.org/index.php/parahita/article/view/1931. [ 8 Oktober 2020]
Fadli, Rizal. 2020. Alasan Pria Dinilai Lebih Rentan Mengidap Corona. https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/alasan-pria-dinilai-lebih-rentan-mengidap-corona. [20 April 2020].
FKUI. 2022. Ini Alasan Lansia Sangat Rentan Terhadap Covid-19. https://fk.ui.ac.id/infosehat/ini-alasan-lansia-sangat-rentan-terhadap-covid-19/. [18 Januari 2022].
Guan, W.J., Liang, W.H., Zhao, Y., Liang, H.R., Chen, Z.S., Li, Y.M., Liu, X.Q., Chen, R.C., Tang, C.L., Wang, T. and Ou, C.Q. 2020. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China:A Nationwide Analysis. European Respiratory Journal, 55(5). Available at:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098485/.[14 mei 2020]
Hafiz, Amila, Janno Sinaga , Evarina Sembiring. 2018. Self Efficacy dan Gaya Hidup Pasien Hipertensi. Jurnal Kesehatan. [ Serial Online]. http://www.ejurnal.poltekkes-tjk.ac.id/index.php/JK/article/view/974. [ 8 Oktober 2020]
Henry BM. 2020. VJ. Clinical Characteristicsof Covid-19 in China. N Engl J Med ;382(19):1859–62.
Hartini. N. 2017. Deat and Dying, Kematiandan proses menuju kematian (makalah ini dipresentasikan pada konferensi nasional stress management dalam berbagai kehidupan, Bandung 2-3 february 2017).
Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, L., & Rebar, C. R., 2018. Medical-Surgical Nursing Concept for Interprofessional Collaborative Care (9th ed., Vol. 1). Saunders. Jurnal Media Keperawatan Indonesia. [ Serial Online]. http://103.97.100.145/index.php/MKI/article/view/6397. [ 11 Oktober 2020]
Ilpaj, S. M. and Nurwati, N. 2020. Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Kematian Akibat Covid-19 Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Masyarakat Di Indonesia‘,Focus?:Jurnal PekerjaanSosial, 3(1), p. 16. doi:10.24198/focus.v3i1.28123.
Junaedi, E. Dan Yulianti, S. Dkk. 2013. “Hipertensi Kandas Berkat Herbal”, ed 1. Jakarta:Fmedia.
Kowalak. 2011. Air Rebusan Daun Belimbing WULUH (Averrhoa Bilimbi) Terhadap Tekanan Darah Pada Lansia Penderita Hipertensi. Jurnal Kesehatan Saintika Meditory. [Serial Online]. http://jurnal.syedzasaintika.ac.id/index.php/meditory/article/view/349. [15 Oktober 2020]
Kurniadi & Ulfa, Okatiranti ,Erna Irawan , Fitri Amelia. 2017. Hubungan Self Efficacy Dengan Perawatan Diri Lansia Hipertensi. Jurnal Keperawatan BSI. [ Serial Online]. http://ejournal.bsi.ac.id/ejurnal/index.php/jk/article/view/2631. [15 Oktober 2020]
Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q,Twerenbold R, Haaf P, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV2: shouldinhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system bewithdrawn in patients with COVID-19? EurHeart J.;41(19):1801–3.
Kemenkes RI. 2020. Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease, Revisi-5. Availablefrom:URL:www.kemenkes.go.id. [24 Agustus 2020]
Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder. (2011). Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan :Konsep, Proses & Praktik (7 ed., Vol. I). Jakarta: EGC.
Lippi, et al. 2020. Hypertension in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19):a pooled analysis. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15272
Mutiara, puput. 2021. Hipertensi Komorbid Tertinggi Covid-19. Repository.[ Serial Online]. https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/Hipertensi-komorbid-tertinggi-covid-19. [18 mei 2021].
Nareza, Meva. 2020. Alasan Mengapa Lansia Lebih Rentan terhadap Virus Corona. https://www.alodokter.com/alasan-mengapa-lansia-lebih-rentan-terhadap-virus-corona. [27 Mei 2020].
Notoatmodjo, S. 2012. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta:Rineka Cipta. (2014). Promosi Kesehatan dan Perilaku Kesehatan. Jakarta:Rineka Cipta.
Nugrahaeni, D. K. (2012). Konsep Dasar Epidemiologi (Edisi 1). Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.
PDPI, P. D. P. I. 2020. pneumonia Covid-19 Diagnosis & Penatalaksanaan Di
Indonesia. Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia.
Pranita, Ellyvon. 2020. "2 Penyebab Pria Lebih Rentan Terinfeksi Virus Corona, Apa Saja?". https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/08/25/070400323/2-penyebab-pria-lebih-rentan-terinfeksi-virus-corona-apa-saja-?page=all. [25 Agustus 2020].
Ridwan, Lutviana. 2020. Studi Literatur Tentang Persepsi Penderita Hipertensi. Repository. [Serial Online]. http://eprints.umm.ac.id/63594/. [ 21 Oktober 2020]
Rifiana, Andi Juliana. 2020. “Hubungan diabetes mellitus dan Hipertensi dengan kejadian corona viris deases ( Covid-19) di Wisma Atlit Jakarta 2020” . Skripsi.Jakarta : Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Nasional.
Sari, Astini Mega. 2020. Pelayanan di RS Rujukan Pasien Corona:Berdesakan di Rekam Medis hingga Kurangnya Fasilitas Lain. Melalui < https://papua.tribunnews.com/2020/03/17/pelayanan-di-rs-rujukan-pasien-corona-berdesakan-di-ruang-isolasi-hingga-kurangnya-fasilitas-lain?page=4>. [13 April 2020]
Satria, R. M. A., Tutupoho, R. V., & Chalidyanto, D. 2020. Analisis Faktor Risiko Kematian Ddengan Penyakit Komorbid Covid-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 4(1), 1689–1699.
Sastroasmoro, S., & Ismael, S. (2011). Dasar-dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. 4th, 519.
Siswosudarmo, R. (2015). Pendekatan Praktis Penelitian Epidemiologi Klinis Dan Aplikasi SPSS untuk Analisis Statistika. Williams Gynecology. Dallas: McGaw-Hill, 53(9), 1689–1699. http://obgin-ugm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Pendekatan-praktis-metodolgi.pdf.
Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung:Alfabeta
Smeltzer, B. 2013. Keperawatan Medikal Bedah. yogyakarta:nuha medika.
Tjokroprawiro, Lutviana. 2020. Studi Literatur Tentang Persepsi Penderita Hipertensi. Repository. [Serial Online] http://eprints.umm.ac.id/63594/. [23 Oktober 2020]
Tim Redaksi Vitahealth. 2019. Berdamai Dengan Hipertensi. Ed.2. Bumi Medika Jakarta
WHO. 2020. Corona Virus Disease Pandemic (Covid-19). Availablefrom:URL:https://covid19.who.int/ . [ 06 Agustus 2020]
WHO, 2015. Pravelensi Hipertensi Seluruh Dunia. KemenKes RI. [Serial Online].https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/19051700002/Hipertensi-penyakit-paling-banyak-diidap-masyarakat.html. [5 November 2020]
Widyawati, 2020. 13,2 persen pasien COVID-19 yang meninggal memiliki riwayat Hipertensi . Repository.[ Serial Online]. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20201013/. [13 oktober 2020]
Wahyuningsih, Fenny Virdianti, 2020. Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien dengan Masalah Hipertensi Berhubungan dengan Penurunan Curah Jantung di Ruang Krissan RSUD Bangil. Thesis. [Serial Online] http://repo.stikesicme-jbg.acid/id/eprint/3770. [5 November 2020]
Bell, K., Twiggs, J., & R. Olin, B. 2015. Hypertension :The Silent Killer :Updated JNC-8 Guideline Recommendations. Alabama Pharmacy Association
Ejaz, H. et al. 2020. Journal of Infection and Public Health COVID-19 and comorbidities :Deleterious impact on infected patients‘, Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13(12), pp. 1833–1839.doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.014
Bope, E. T., & Rick D. Kellerman. (2017). Conns Current Therapy. Elsevier Author.
Dai Q, Wang S, Liu R, Wang H, Zheng J, Yu K. 2019. isk factors for outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a retrospective study. J Thorac Dis. ;11(3):673–85
Darmawan, Agus dwi. 2021. Pasien Covid-19 di Jawa Tengah, 35% Sembuh dengan Hipertensi. Repository.[ Serial Online]. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/08/20/. [ 20 agustus 2021]
Drew C, Adisasmita C. 2020. “Gejala dan komorbid yang memengaruhi mortalitas pasien positif COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur, Maret-September 2020”. Tarumanagara Medical Journal. Vol. 3, No. 3, 274-283
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). Jakarta:Depker RI; 2017
Dwiyanto, A Reyhan. 2020. Makin Banyak Pasien Corona RI yang Sembuh, Diklaim Terkait 2 Faktor Ini. https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5077971/makin-banyak-pasien corona-ri-yang-sembuh-diklaim-terkait-2-faktor-ini. [ 03 Jul 2020]
Elviani, R., Anwar, C., & Januar Sitorus, R. (2021). GAMBARAN USIA PADA KEJADIAN COVID-19. JAMBI MEDICAL JOURNAL "Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan", 9(2), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.22437/jmj.v9i1.11263
Fang, X. et al. 2020. Epidemiological, comorbidity factors with severity and prognosis of COVID-19:A systematic review and metaanalysis‘, Aging, 12(13), pp. 12493–12503. doi:10.18632/aging.103579
Fauzi. 2014. Program Pengelolaan Penyakit Hipertensi Berbasis Masyarakat Dengan Pendekatan Keluarga. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat.[ Serial Online]. https://ejurnal.lppmunsera.org/index.php/parahita/article/view/1931. [ 8 Oktober 2020]
Fadli, Rizal. 2020. Alasan Pria Dinilai Lebih Rentan Mengidap Corona. https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/alasan-pria-dinilai-lebih-rentan-mengidap-corona. [20 April 2020].
FKUI. 2022. Ini Alasan Lansia Sangat Rentan Terhadap Covid-19. https://fk.ui.ac.id/infosehat/ini-alasan-lansia-sangat-rentan-terhadap-covid-19/. [18 Januari 2022].
Guan, W.J., Liang, W.H., Zhao, Y., Liang, H.R., Chen, Z.S., Li, Y.M., Liu, X.Q., Chen, R.C., Tang, C.L., Wang, T. and Ou, C.Q. 2020. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China:A Nationwide Analysis. European Respiratory Journal, 55(5). Available at:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098485/.[14 mei 2020]
Hafiz, Amila, Janno Sinaga , Evarina Sembiring. 2018. Self Efficacy dan Gaya Hidup Pasien Hipertensi. Jurnal Kesehatan. [ Serial Online]. http://www.ejurnal.poltekkes-tjk.ac.id/index.php/JK/article/view/974. [ 8 Oktober 2020]
Henry BM. 2020. VJ. Clinical Characteristicsof Covid-19 in China. N Engl J Med ;382(19):1859–62.
Hartini. N. 2017. Deat and Dying, Kematiandan proses menuju kematian (makalah ini dipresentasikan pada konferensi nasional stress management dalam berbagai kehidupan, Bandung 2-3 february 2017).
Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, L., & Rebar, C. R., 2018. Medical-Surgical Nursing Concept for Interprofessional Collaborative Care (9th ed., Vol. 1). Saunders. Jurnal Media Keperawatan Indonesia. [ Serial Online]. http://103.97.100.145/index.php/MKI/article/view/6397. [ 11 Oktober 2020]
Ilpaj, S. M. and Nurwati, N. 2020. Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Kematian Akibat Covid-19 Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Masyarakat Di Indonesia‘,Focus?:Jurnal PekerjaanSosial, 3(1), p. 16. doi:10.24198/focus.v3i1.28123.
Junaedi, E. Dan Yulianti, S. Dkk. 2013. “Hipertensi Kandas Berkat Herbal”, ed 1. Jakarta:Fmedia.
Kowalak. 2011. Air Rebusan Daun Belimbing WULUH (Averrhoa Bilimbi) Terhadap Tekanan Darah Pada Lansia Penderita Hipertensi. Jurnal Kesehatan Saintika Meditory. [Serial Online]. http://jurnal.syedzasaintika.ac.id/index.php/meditory/article/view/349. [15 Oktober 2020]
Kurniadi & Ulfa, Okatiranti ,Erna Irawan , Fitri Amelia. 2017. Hubungan Self Efficacy Dengan Perawatan Diri Lansia Hipertensi. Jurnal Keperawatan BSI. [ Serial Online]. http://ejournal.bsi.ac.id/ejurnal/index.php/jk/article/view/2631. [15 Oktober 2020]
Kuster GM, Pfister O, Burkard T, Zhou Q,Twerenbold R, Haaf P, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV2: shouldinhibitors of the renin–angiotensin system bewithdrawn in patients with COVID-19? EurHeart J.;41(19):1801–3.
Kemenkes RI. 2020. Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease, Revisi-5. Availablefrom:URL:www.kemenkes.go.id. [24 Agustus 2020]
Kozier, Erb, Berman, & Snyder. (2011). Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan :Konsep, Proses & Praktik (7 ed., Vol. I). Jakarta: EGC.
Lippi, et al. 2020. Hypertension in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19):a pooled analysis. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.15272
Mutiara, puput. 2021. Hipertensi Komorbid Tertinggi Covid-19. Repository.[ Serial Online]. https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/Hipertensi-komorbid-tertinggi-covid-19. [18 mei 2021].
Nareza, Meva. 2020. Alasan Mengapa Lansia Lebih Rentan terhadap Virus Corona. https://www.alodokter.com/alasan-mengapa-lansia-lebih-rentan-terhadap-virus-corona. [27 Mei 2020].
Notoatmodjo, S. 2012. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta:Rineka Cipta. (2014). Promosi Kesehatan dan Perilaku Kesehatan. Jakarta:Rineka Cipta.
Nugrahaeni, D. K. (2012). Konsep Dasar Epidemiologi (Edisi 1). Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.
PDPI, P. D. P. I. 2020. pneumonia Covid-19 Diagnosis & Penatalaksanaan Di
Indonesia. Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia.
Pranita, Ellyvon. 2020. "2 Penyebab Pria Lebih Rentan Terinfeksi Virus Corona, Apa Saja?". https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/08/25/070400323/2-penyebab-pria-lebih-rentan-terinfeksi-virus-corona-apa-saja-?page=all. [25 Agustus 2020].
Ridwan, Lutviana. 2020. Studi Literatur Tentang Persepsi Penderita Hipertensi. Repository. [Serial Online]. http://eprints.umm.ac.id/63594/. [ 21 Oktober 2020]
Rifiana, Andi Juliana. 2020. “Hubungan diabetes mellitus dan Hipertensi dengan kejadian corona viris deases ( Covid-19) di Wisma Atlit Jakarta 2020” . Skripsi.Jakarta : Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Nasional.
Sari, Astini Mega. 2020. Pelayanan di RS Rujukan Pasien Corona:Berdesakan di Rekam Medis hingga Kurangnya Fasilitas Lain. Melalui < https://papua.tribunnews.com/2020/03/17/pelayanan-di-rs-rujukan-pasien-corona-berdesakan-di-ruang-isolasi-hingga-kurangnya-fasilitas-lain?page=4>. [13 April 2020]
Satria, R. M. A., Tutupoho, R. V., & Chalidyanto, D. 2020. Analisis Faktor Risiko Kematian Ddengan Penyakit Komorbid Covid-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 4(1), 1689–1699.
Sastroasmoro, S., & Ismael, S. (2011). Dasar-dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. 4th, 519.
Siswosudarmo, R. (2015). Pendekatan Praktis Penelitian Epidemiologi Klinis Dan Aplikasi SPSS untuk Analisis Statistika. Williams Gynecology. Dallas: McGaw-Hill, 53(9), 1689–1699. http://obgin-ugm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Pendekatan-praktis-metodolgi.pdf.
Sugiyono. 2018. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung:Alfabeta
Smeltzer, B. 2013. Keperawatan Medikal Bedah. yogyakarta:nuha medika.
Tjokroprawiro, Lutviana. 2020. Studi Literatur Tentang Persepsi Penderita Hipertensi. Repository. [Serial Online] http://eprints.umm.ac.id/63594/. [23 Oktober 2020]
Tim Redaksi Vitahealth. 2019. Berdamai Dengan Hipertensi. Ed.2. Bumi Medika Jakarta
WHO. 2020. Corona Virus Disease Pandemic (Covid-19). Availablefrom:URL:https://covid19.who.int/ . [ 06 Agustus 2020]
WHO, 2015. Pravelensi Hipertensi Seluruh Dunia. KemenKes RI. [Serial Online].https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/19051700002/Hipertensi-penyakit-paling-banyak-diidap-masyarakat.html. [5 November 2020]
Widyawati, 2020. 13,2 persen pasien COVID-19 yang meninggal memiliki riwayat Hipertensi . Repository.[ Serial Online]. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/umum/20201013/. [13 oktober 2020]
Wahyuningsih, Fenny Virdianti, 2020. Asuhan Keperawatan pada Klien dengan Masalah Hipertensi Berhubungan dengan Penurunan Curah Jantung di Ruang Krissan RSUD Bangil. Thesis. [Serial Online] http://repo.stikesicme-jbg.acid/id/eprint/3770. [5 November 2020]
Published
2024-01-30
How to Cite
‘Izza, M., & Afifah, V. A. (2024). HUBUNGAN KOMORBIDITAS HIPERTENSI DENGAN KEMATIAN PASIEN COVID-19 DI RUMAH SAKIT MUHAMMADIYAH SELOGIRI. Jurnal Cakrawala Keperawatan, 1(01), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.35872/jck.v1i01.680
Section
Articles
